Treating swelling and fluid retention inpatients with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, or kidney problems (nephrotic syndrome). It is also used for treatment of high blood pressure. It may also be used to treat or prevent low blood potassium. It may also be used to treat excess secretion of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal gland.
Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic. It works by blocking the hormone aldosterone, causing the kidney to eliminate excess water, save potassium, and lower blood pressure.
Do NOT use Spironolactone if:
you are allergic to any ingredient in Spironolactone
you are unable to urinate, have severe kidney problems, or have high blood potassium levels
you are taking a potassium supplement, another potassium-sparing diuretic (eg, amiloride, triamterene), or another aldosterone-blocker (eg, eplerenone)
Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.
Before using Spironolactone :
Some medical conditions may interact with Spironolactone. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:
if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding
if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement
if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances
if you have high acidity in your body fluids; low sodium levels in your blood; liver, heart, or lung disease; diabetes; or high urea or nitrogen in your blood
if you have menstrual disease
Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Spironolactone. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following:
Corticosteroids (eg, prednisone) or ACTH because low blood electrolyte levels may occur
Barbiturates (eg, phenobarbital) or narcotics (eg, morphine) because dizziness upon standing may occur
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (eg, enalapril), angiotensin II receptor antagonists (eg, valsartan), cyclosporine, macrolide immunosuppressives (eg, tacrolimus), other potassium sparing diuretics (eg, amiloride, triamterene), other aldosterone-blockers (eg, eplerenone), or potassium
supplements because high blood potassium levels may occur (eg,
listlessness, confusion, abnormal skin sensations of the arms and legs,
heaviness of limbs, slowed heart rate, irregular heart rhythm, potentially
life-threatening slow or irregular heartbeat)
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (eg, indomethacin) because they may decrease Spironolactone 's effectiveness and increase the risk of kidney problems and high blood potassium
Digoxin, digitoxin, lithium, nondepolarizing muscle relaxants (eg, tubocurarine), or quinidine because the risk of their side effects and toxicity may be increased by Spironolactone
Pressor amines (eg, norepinephrine) because their effectiveness may be decreased by Spironolactone
This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health care provider if Spironolactone may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.
How to use Spironolactone :
Use Spironolactone as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.
Take Spironolactone by mouth with or without food. If stomach upset occurs, take with food to reduce stomach irritation.
Spironolactone may increase the amount of urine or cause you to urinate more often when you first start taking it. To keep this from disturbing your sleep, try to take your dose before 6 pm.
If you miss a dose of Spironolactone , take it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not take 2 doses at once. If more than one dose is missed, restart the medication and advise your doctor or pharmacist at
your next appointment.
Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Spironolactone.
Important safety information:
Spironolactone may cause dizziness and drowsiness. These effects may be worse if you take it with alcohol or certain medicines. Use Spironolactone with caution. Do not drive or perform other possibly unsafe tasks until you know how you react to it.
Spironolactone can raise your body's potassium levels. This is more likely to occur in people with kidney problems, diabetes, in the elderly, or if the patient is severely ill. Potassium levels must be closely monitored in people with any of these problems or illnesses. If not treated, high potassium levels
can be fatal.
Check with your doctor before you use a salt substitute or a product that has potassium in it.
Lab tests, including kidney function, blood pressure, blood potassium, and chemistries, may be performed while you use Spironolactone. These tests may be used to monitor your condition or check for side effects. Be sure to keep all doctor and lab appointments.
PREGNANCY and BREAST-FEEDING: If you become pregnant, contact your doctor. You will need to discuss the benefits and risks of using Spironolactone while you are pregnant. Spironolactone is found in breast milk. Do not breast-feed while taking Spironolactone.
Possible side effects of Spironolactone :
All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome:
Abdominal cramping; change in sexual ability; clumsiness; confusion; diarrhea; dizziness; drowsiness; headache; frequent urination; nausea; vomiting.
Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur:
Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); breast tenderness; deepening of voice; dry mouth; enlarged breasts in men; excessive thirst; irregular or lack of menstrual periods; skin rash; slow, irregular, or fast heartbeat; ulcers; unusual muscle weakness; unusual tiredness.
What is the shelf life of the pills?
The expiry date is mentioned on each blister. It is different for different batches. The shelf life is 2 years from the date of manufacture and would differ from batch to batch depending on when they were manufactured.
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Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects the lives of many middle-aged men and their partners. The term erectile dysfunction covers a range of disorders, but usually refers to the inability to obtain an adequate erection for satisfactory sexual activity.
Although erectile dysfunction, formerly called impotence, is more common in men older than 65, it can occur at any age. An occasional episode of erectile dysfunction happens to most men and is normal. As men age, it's also normal to experience changes in erectile function. Erections may take longer to develop, may not be as rigid or may require more direct stimulation to be achieved. Men may also notice that orgasms are less intense, the volume of ejaculate is reduced and recovery time increases between erections. Erectile dysfunction may also be a sign of a physical or emotional problem that requires treatment.
Erectile dysfunction was once a taboo subject, but more men are seeking help. Doctors are gaining a better understanding of what causes erectile dysfunction and are finding new and better treatments.
This Website discusses all about erectile dysfunction, physiology of the normal erection and the pathophysiology, and treatment of ED.
What is Erectile Dysfunction?
Erectile dysfunction or impotence is a sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis for satisfactory sexual intercourse regardless of the capability of ejaculation. There are various underlying causes, such as diabetes, many of which are medically reversible.
The causes may be physiological or psychological. Psychological impotence can often be helped by almost anything that the patient believes in; there is a very strong placebo effect.
Due to its embarrassing nature and the shame felt by sufferers, the subject was taboo for a long time, and is the subject of many urban legends. Folk remedies have long been advocated, with some being advertised widely since the 1930s. The introduction of perhaps the first pharmacologically effective remedy for impotence, sildenafil (trade name Viagra), in the 1990s caused a wave of public attention, propelled in part by the news-worthiness of stories about it and heavy advertising.
The Latin term impotentia coeundi describes simple inability to insert the penis into the vagina. It is now mostly replaced by more precise terms.
Signs and symptoms:
Erectile dysfunction is characterized by the inability to maintain erection. Normal erections during sleep and in the early morning suggest a psychogenic cause, while loss of these erections may signify underlying disease, often cardiovascular in origin. Other things leading to erectile dysfunction are diabetes mellitus (causing neuropathy) or hypogonadism (decreased testosterone levels due to disease affecting the testicles or the pituitary gland).
Here are some causes of Erectile Dysfunction:
* Arousal: The first step is sexual arousal, which men obtain from the senses of sight, touch, hearing and smell, and from thoughts.
* Nervous system response: The brain communicates the sexual excitation to the body's nervous system, which activates increased blood flow to the penis.
* Blood vessel response:. A relaxing action occurs in the blood vessels that supply the penis, allowing more blood to flow into the shafts that produce the erection.
Physiology of normal erections:
Penile erections involve an integration of complex physiologic processes involving the CNS, peripheral nervous system, and hormonal and vascular systems. Any abnormality involving these systems, whether from medication or disease, has a significant impact on the ability to develop and sustain an erection, ejaculate, and experience orgasm. Tumescence, the vascular filling of the cavernous bodies, relies on neural and hormonal mechanisms operating at various levels of the neural axis. This is unique among visceral functions because it requires central neurological input.
Andersson et al summarized some of the information related to the pathways involved in erectile function. The degree of contraction of corpus cavernosal smooth muscle determines the functional state of the penis. The balance between contraction and relaxation is controlled by central and peripheral factors that involve many transmitters and transmitter systems. At the cellular level, smooth muscle relaxation occurs following the release of acetylcholine from the parasympathetic nerves.
Pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction:
Erectile Dysfunction is essentially a vascular disease. It is often associated with other vascular diseases and conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and coronary artery disease. Other conditions associated with Erectile Dysfunction include neurologic disorders, endocrinopathies, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and depression. Conditions associated with reduced nerve and endothelium function, such as aging, hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes, alter the balance between contraction and relaxation factors. These conditions cause circulatory and structural changes in penile tissues, resulting in arterial insufficiency and defective smooth muscle relaxation. In some patients, sexual dysfunction may be the presenting symptom of these disorders.
Treatment:
Sildenafil Citrate is the way to treat Erectile Dysfunction. Generic Viagra contains sildenafil citrate and contains same ingredients like branded drug.
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